I (pretty much) know how the pots in my guitar work, but it's not totally clear how the bass, mid, and treb pots on my amp work. What value are those posts.
Well... tough question. Most amps have passive tonestacks placed between gainstages. Passive tonestacks are basically the same as your guitar tone pot: they roll off certain frequencies and let others pass. To work together (treble - middle - bass) the pots are placed in a network of resistors and capacitors.
follow this link to see how tonestacks of the most popular brands work:
The pots that control the treble, mid and bass on your amp are part of a set of passive filters referred to commonly as the "tone stack". The pots work in conjunction with capacitors to create a combination of high-pass and band-pass filters that help shape the sound of your amp.
Most Fender, Marshal, and Vox amps use the same circuit design for their tone stacks, just different values. Vox uses a resistor in place of the pot for the mid control, giving you just the bass and treble control.
There is a good explination on page 7 of the AX84 sites (link removed)
You can also take a look at Adam's Amps site for some other tone stack examples.